Samed GURGUROĞLU

Handmade WindRose! In his village without electricity, he produced electricity by making wind roses from old bicycle parts.

There are so many places in the world that it has no electricity but will be able to benefit equally from energy sources. One of them is William Kamkwamba.

There was no electricity in William's village. So he went to the library and started examining the wind turbines. William Kamkwamba made an important invention for his village in Malawi.

Handmade Windrose

He finally rolled up his sleeves and made a little wind rose for his village.

Thanks to William, his village has been thrified. He tells me at the time: "My parents didn't believe me very much. But my friends believed it. So when I first saw the picture of the wind rose in the book, I said to myself, I'm a human being and I'm a human being.

Why can't I… At the time, I could already fix tools like radios. So I had an idea how power tools work. When I was making the wind rose, I had a hard time finding the tools that were most necessary.

That's why I used old bike parts, water pipes. And I had to do everything I did at the top of the tower. That's why my cousin and my friends helped me. Another challenge was that the people in my village didn't believe me. They were always laughing at me. They thought I was crazy."

William's success spread from ear to ear, and the fourteen-year-old was soon mentioned at some of the world's most important meetings. His speech at the World Economic Forum is just one of them. William is now 24 years old, and a book has been written about his experiences.

It may sound like a simple story, but from this story that took place in Africa, we certainly need more in our own country. Maybe it's necessary to believe in things and then walk.

It's not as large as it takes to generate electricity from solar energy. The Solar Atlas, released by WWF, reveals how much space will be needed in seven different regions of the world, when all of the electricity needs are being refute by solar energy. According to Atlas, it is possible to meet turkey's current electricity needs with solar panels that will spread to the area the size of atatürk Dam.

By assessing electricity demand in seven different geographies, including Turkey, in the Solar Atlas; the area required to meet the demand with solar panels was calculated.

Examples discussed sunbathing times, demographic changes and an increase in electricity consumption. The results reveal that less than one percent of the region's total area is sufficient to meet all of its electricity needs by 2050.

Generate Electricity from Solar Energy – Turkey Electricity Demand Increase

Electricity demand in Turkey increased by 56% between 2002 and 2011. The upward trend is expected to rise.

The demand is being countered by fossil fuels, especially natural gas and coal. Turkey's solar energy potential of 380 billion kilowatt hours/year is more than 1.5 times the current annual electricity consumption.

Atlas reveals that it is possible that the entire electricity needs of Turkey can be covered by solar panels that will spread over a total area of 790 km².

Given that the population and electricity consumption per capita will increase; In 2050, it is required to cover an area of 1,600 km², about the size of two Ataturk Dams, with solar panels to meet turkey's electricity needs. This measure is equivalent to 25 per 10,000 of turkey's area.

Samantha Smith, director of the WWF-Global Climate and Energy Initiative, said: "As the impact of global climate change on people and the environment increases; sustainability approach and the importance of renewable energy production facilities implemented in the right places.

Nature conservation and renewable energy need to be carried out and developed in parallel," he said.

WwF-Turkey General Manager Tolga Baştak "With energy efficiency measures and existing technologies, it is possible to obtain almost 100% of our electricity and energy need in 2050 from renewable energy sources.

In a sustainable future, different alternatives such as wind, solar and geothermal will surely be in place. With the Solar Atlas, we wanted to focus on only one of these alternatives and draw attention to the possibilities that solar energy offers us.

We want to raise the 6,000 MW installed solar energy target set for the 100th anniversary of our Republic and make the necessary arrangements for electricity distribution infrastructure, legislation and supports for the dissemination of solar energy," Hezbollah said.

Wind Energy as a Distributed Production Source; The use of wind energy is very old. First, it is known to be used in China, Tibet, Afghanistan and Iran from Asian civilizations. The first written information on the use of wind turbines was written by Alexander the Great in B.C. It is about horizontal-axis wind turbines of simple structure in 200-300 years.

Wind energy is a distributed source of production and renewable energy that cannot be ignored due to the size of its potential.

Wind energy, which is not adequately cared for by the cheapness of fossil fuels, has been remembered again for its oil crises in the 1970s. With the developments after 1980; Wind farms in Europe and the United States have become contemporary engineering products in terms of economy, environment and energy.

With the move to mass production of wind turbines, investments in this area and developments on turbines have increased day by day and wind farms have been established. Wind farms, which were previously built on land parts, are now built on the seas (Alarga – Offshore).

In the late 1970s, small wind turbines that provided wind power attracted many, compared with other alternative energizings, driven by low investment costs and evolving technologies.

Between 1979 and 1985, wind farms were built with appropriate government loans ranging from 4500 to 1 to 25kW. In the same period, 1000 remote controlled systems of various features were established.

Wind Energy as Distributed Production Source – First Wind Turbine

In the world; The first turbine to generate electricity from wind energy was built in Denmark in 1891 by Paul la Cour, a major engineer of modern aerodynamics.

Since the unit price of electricity is high, in 1980-1981, wind turbines with a capacity of 55kW were consed and started to be produced as a result of industrial and technological developments.

The wind industry has become more widespread and, with the help of the Risoe National Laboratory, significant reductions in electricity unit prices have occurred in parallel with the development of the European Wind Atlas.

When the smallest wind turbines entered the California market in 1982, they had long been in use in Denmark. In California, the state aid program took effect between 1979 and 1985, and in 1981 the number of small wind turbines increased from 150 units to 16000 in late 1985.

Danish manufacturers, which share 75% of all wind turbines in California, have established an industry for 55kW wind turbines. Even today, Danish manufacturers are the largest producers in the worldwide market. In 1985, the prototype with a wings diameter of 25m and 250kW was built in California and released shortly.

In Denmark, home wind turbines were re-developed and launched to keep the market alive. Even today, household wind turbines are manufactured at various forces running independently between 0.1–10kW.

Germany Wind Turbine Technology

Since 1989, wind turbine technology has developed rapidly in Germany. Turbines with a rotor diameter of 25m and output power of 150-250kW were manufactured, followed by turbines with a rotor diameter of 30-35m and output power greater than 300kW.

These turbines have dominated the market for 2–3 years. In August 1992, a 500kW turbine made by the first Tacke-Windtechnik began to work. This was followed by turbines produced by ENERCON's E40 and other European manufacturers. 37m wing diameter rotor production has started for the development of 500kW wind turbines.

This was followed by turbines with a diameter of 46m and 600kW, designed for use in low wind areas, particularly in the in-house areas. Four years after the 500kW turbine made by Tacke-Windtechnik, towards the end of 1996 ENERCON began producing wind turbines with a diameter of 66m to 1.5 MW. This progress; Turbines with a diameter of 66m and a power of 1.65 MW were monitored.

It is no longer unusual to see an RT with a rotor diameter of 70m, 80m or even 100m and powers of 2 MW and above for on-land applications today. In terms of wind energy, sea areas have shown greater wealth than land, so offshore wind farms have been established in the seas.

In the first stage, areas with a distance of 10km from the coast and a depth of more than 10m are targeted. The first offshore wind farm is the Vindeby wind farm, built near the Danish island of Lolland with a power of 5 MW.

Wind Turbine Types and the principle of operation of wind turbines in the most basic form and the obtaining of electrical energy is based on the principle that the wind hitting the wings turns the rotor and the rotor drives the generator by means of shafts.

Basic energy conversion in wind turbine;

Machines that make rotations with the driven part and convert the energy in a fluid into mechanical energy in the shaft are called turbines.

Characteristics and Structure of Wind Turbines

The turbines used for wind power generation are modernization day by day thanks to technological advances and the subjects that are thought to be incomplete are complemented one by one. With performance enhancing systems, wind has improved step by step from windmills to modern turbines from yesterday to today. Now, in short, if we look at the overall structure of modern turbines;

• Modern wind turbines have 2-3 wings.
• The wing diameters are approximately 30 m.
• Wind speed variable over a period of time. However, the grid is given approximately immutable with energy, wind generator and wing properties.
• Energy production depends on the cube of the wind speed at rotor height and the sweeping area of the wings.
• Turbine power can vary from a few KW to several MW.
• Wind turbines can be installed on land as well as in the seas.

Wind energy conversion systems can provide mechanical or electrical power between 50W and 2-3 MW. Since the specific mass of the air is low, the energy to be provided from the wind depends on the wind speed. Wind speed increases in proportion to height and power increases in proportion to the cube of speed. The energy that the wind will provide depends on its strength and the number of blowing hours, the specific wind power is the power that falls on the surface of the unit perpendie to the air flow.

Basic parts of the wind turbine

1. Propeller housing
2. Propeller defragmenter
3. Wing
4. Wing tilt bed
5. Rotor Hub
6. Central spindly bed
7. Main shaft
8. Gearbox
9. Brake disc
10. Port
11. Service crane
12. Generator
13. Meteorological sensors
14. Yaw gear
15. Yaw bed
16. Tower
17. Turbine base plate
18. Body
19. Oil filter
20. Generator fan
21. Oil cooler

Types of Wind Turbines – Classification of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are divided into three parts: Horizontal, Vertical and Stony Axis according to wing structures:

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

The rotation axis is parallel to the wind direction and the wings are perpendie to the wind direction. Commercial turbines are usually horizontally axed. The rotor is placed on a rotating table to get the most out of the wind.

Most horizontally axated turbines are designed to take wind from the front. Turbines that take the wind from behind do not have a common use. In order for horizontally axial machines to hold maximum energy, their rotors must always be in the direction of wind flow. This is achieved by rotation of the rotor on top of the tower. Rotational motion in the direction of the wind is achieved by two different constructions. These are called "front-wind" and "back-wind".

If the wing takes the wind from the front, a guide wing is attached to the back of the rotor. In the other way, the wing takes the wind from the rear or the wings are made a little conical. Thus, the system follows the wind and provides maximum benefit.

Horizontal axis wind turbine

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The blades of this turbine, whose rotation axis is perpendie to the wind direction and vertical, are also vertical. Today, the majority of electrical power generation applications in various countries are 2 and 3-blade horizontal axis wind turbines. Large strong vertical axis applications are also available. In particular, Dorrieus type turbines and cyclogino-type wind turbines are used, which are more complex than those developed.

Vertical axis wind turbine

Stony Axis Turbines:

Rotation axis are wind turbines that make an angle in the direction of vertical and wind. There is a certain angle between the wings and rotation axis of such turbines.

Types of Generators Used in Wind Turbines

Any 3-phase generator can be selected in the Wind Turbine system.According to the generator used, even if the frequency of the current at the output of the generator is different from the mains frequency, it is possible to reach the standards to be integrated into the network thanks to the converters, even if the character of the current is direct current. In turbine systems:

a) Asenkron Generators

b) Synchronous Generators

Used.

Asenkron Generators

It is the most commonly used generator type in wind turbine systems. The fact that it is robust and its mechanical structures are simple are features that make it attractive to use.The reactive current needs of the stator stim warn current is the main drawback.

Squirrel Caged Asenkron Generators

The squirrel caged asenkron machine can be connected directly to an AC system and operated at constant speed, as well as at variable speeds along with power electronics units. In order to reduce magnetic sounds and achieve good development momentum, the rotor grooves are opened in batter, not parallel to the mile, resulting in press aluminum casting rotor winding.

Squirrel caged asenkron machines are frequently used in practice because they have a brushless, reliable, economical and robust structure. Slippage, hence the rotor speed, varies with the amount of power generated. Changes in rotor speed are around 1-2%. Therefore, this type is advantageous when wind speed is constant.

Asenkron Generators with Bracelets

When using an asenkron generator with bracelet, the electrical characteristics of the rotor can be controlled externally. The windings of the winding rotor are connected by external sliding bracelets and brushes or by the power electronics device.

Using the power electronics device, the power can be transferred to the rotor circuit and magnetized with the generator, rotor or stator circuit. Thus, it is possible to restore the energy spent on the rotor circuit and give it to the output of the stator. The disadvantage is that it is more expensive than squirrel cage and is not robust compared to squirrel cage.

Biogas Balikesir Biogas Turkey! Turkey continues to grow and develop day by day. This development is in the desired direction or not. But under any circumstances, It is clear that Turkey needs more energy and needs to figure it out somehow.

The Turkish-German Biogas Project was launched between the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Security of the Federal Republic of Germany, he said.

Turkish people need to be informed about many things as well as biogas. Foreign companies investigate Turkey's energy sector, allocate funds to it and seek a market for themselves.

Germany, which has made major energy breakthroughs, has also made an attempt to do so. The project, carried out by the German International Co-operation Authority and the General Directorate of Environmental Management, is supported by German government funds, he said.

Biogas Balikesir Biogas Turkey Project Study

''We did an analysis study while preparing the project. Provincial screening was carried out in Turkey in order to determine the potential of the region. As a result of the study, we found that there is enough animal waste potential to operate 4,500 biogas facilities in Turkey. With biogas from animal waste only, it is possible to meet 6-11 percent of Turkey's energy needs. The use of chemical fertilizers will also be significantly reduced by the use of fermentation edicts as fertilizers after biogas production. In this way, agricultural waste-induced nitrate in groundwater will be prevented.''

Within the scope of the project, kirsehir Cicekdağ and Balıkesir Gönen two sample biogas facilities are supported by the establishment of age, businesses completed by 2014, said that the goal is to start electricity generation. In addition, Balıkesir, Bandirma, Gönen's biogas facilities are produced in the capacity to produce waste is obvious. As a Bandirma, I hope that companies such as Banvit and Sugar Chick will increase their support for biogas facilities in Bandirma. I believe that the name of the Bandirma region will become more and more known by renewable energy.

As a Turkish citizen, do you think it is a crime to wholeheartedly ask that such initiatives be made on our own rather than in common?

Barriers to Green Energy Production! The use of renewable energy sources is a breakthrough supported by the whole world, where grants are given to projects and will not lose popularity for a long time as a return on clean energy policy. However, some problems have started to occur in these supports, which are being started by European countries. These problems can undermine the use and image of renewable energy sources.

Germany, in particular, has made major breakthroughs in this regard and has reached high capacities in renewable energy with incentives. However, it was not thought that some problems could occur.

The main theme of these problems is the irregularity of energy from renewable energy sources. If we want to explain this, wind speed is important in obtaining wind energy.

Wind speed, as you think, will not be calculated and will be as requested in all circumstances and will vary. As a result, there will be little energy production as well as over-production.

There are systems that can support the network as a backup when there is little production. The costs and efficiencies of these systems are low. According to one study, the amount of CO2 produced from this spare capacity passes through carbon dioxide, which is thought to be from wind energy.

Barriers to Green Energy Production

The problem that arises in over-production is that it is given to the system by balancing energy. Plants that balance more and less production in renewable energy face some serious problems. The occurrence of these problems has started to raise questions about renewable energy.

From a theoretical point of view, everything looks fine in Germany, but because of the hundreds of billions of euros in incentives for wind and solar power, electricity bills in the country have reached their highest level in Europe.

With incentive packages provided by Angela Merkel's government, renewable energy capacity is increasing, making it more difficult to balance the grid and prevent power outages.

Production losses caused by power outages are forcing companies and even creating some problems leading up to the closure of factories. To avoid such problems, energy-intensive industries have turned to building their own energy generation and generator systems.

In order to overcome the problems in the use of clean energy obtained entirely from renewable energy, it seems necessary to change and renew the grids. We'll be able to see that in the years to come.

Electric Power Generated by Plants – Electric Power Generated by Trees;

In the Netherlands, a group of researchers found that a number of microorganisms that live around the roots of plants; begins to investigate whether it has the capacity to generate electricity within a special fuel cell.

Classical fuel cells, such as hydrogen, combine their fuel with oxygen to generate water and electricity.

Such systems need expensive metals, e.g. platinum electrons, to pull electrons out of fuel.

Bert Hamelers of wageningen university in the Netherlands and his team are in the ground to do the same with these expensive metals; decides to use enzymes formed by bacteria that live among the roots of plants.

What the team needs: green plants (grass, water cane, etc.), sunlight and wet soil saturated with water, whose roots don't go too deep.

Electric Power Generated by Plants – Placement of Electrons

Thriving in wet soils; working with short-established plants, it is easy to place cables and electrons.

In addition, the oxygen element is found in the wet soil at limited levels.

This is an important issue because bacteria in soil that normally have plenty of oxygen; When it breaks down carbohydrates, the electrons released combine with oxygen to create water and carbon dioxide.

But in wet soils that are too saturated with water, oxygen is either none at all or very limited.

In these conditions, anaerobic bacteria are used in addition to carbon dioxide; free electrons and protons.

Electrons normally affect sulfate and nitrate in the soil; however, the researchers solved this problem by placing the appropriate electrodes in the soil to attract electrons formed by bacteria.

Materials made of graphite were used for cathode and anode.

To sum up the event briefly, it all starts with solar energy and photosynthesis.

Plants convert the energy they get from the sun into organic matter. Almost half of the organic matter formed is also transmitted to the soil through plant roots.

When bacteria break down organic matter in the soil; protons and electrons are exposed as waste material.

These electrons are collected through the appropriate electrodes and both water and electric current are obtained as by-products.

And does this system do any harm to plants?

Studies have been carried out for the time being in the development of plants; it shows that there is no regression.

Even wired plants are more than other plants; it's even been observed to develop better.

But there are some who argue against it. It is thought that the effect of photosynthesis will be reduced by taking away some of the electricity produced by plants in order to photosynthesthesis, resulting in less food being produced.

Economic Dimension

The electrical energy produced using the plant in Holanda is currently around 500 milliwatts/m2, so for now, it's only enough to charge a mobile phone.

In order to generate this electricity, a 16 m2 grass area was installed on the roof of the building where the research was carried out.

In the five years since the work began, the energy generated has been increased five-fold.

The amount of energy is not enough to pull a house around for now, but work is continuing rapidly.

The research team is based on physicists, environmental biotechnologists, environmental technology experts, electrical engineers, botanists and microbiologists.

The same team received 4m euros in support from the European Union project "Plant Power"; He also set up a company called "Plant-e" to turn plant fuel cells into commercial products.

Their goal is to generate 3.2 W/m2 of herbal electricity in the near future. It's not that easy to hit that goal.

There are a few important things to focus on. First of all, plant species that give more organic matter to the soil need to be used.

Sugar beet, for example, is very effective in this regard.

The mixture of bacteria that best breaks down organic matter in the soil and exposes electrons needs to be adjusted very well so that the amount of energy produced will increase.

The fuel cell, and especially the electrodes that will capture the electrons, need to be very well designed.

The Dutch team used graphite granules as positive anode in the part where the roots of plants develop.

However, this anode transmits electrons very quickly in the catalyne, resulting in loss of efficiency.

Experts believe this problem can be solved by adding an effective mixture of bacterial culture to the soil.

In this way, electrons, protons and oxygen combine faster to form water molecules.

Finally, this technology needs to be enlarged and implemented.

Only half (1.6 W/m2) of the targeted production can be reached when the currently used and trial system is practically used.

Wind Turbines and Solar Panels

This amount is approximately 1/5 of the electrical energy obtained by wind turbines or solar panels today.

However, the electrical power of plants was found to be more effective than the power generated from biofuels.

There is also no need for high-tech products and complex engineering knowledge needed for solar panels or wind turbines to build plant-centric generators.

One of the most remarkable aspects of this system is that it continues to generate electricity in the dark as opposed to solar panels.

Plant generators installed on the horse are thought to generate 14 kilowatt hours/m2 of electricity in a year.

The average house in Holanda uses about 3,500 kW of electricity a year, or a roof covered with 50 m2 of grass, which can meet almost 20 percent of that need.

The creators of the system think that plant generators on the roof will not only generate electricity, but also provide other benefits.

Electric Power Generated by Plants – Green Roof

What other advantages can a house with a green roof have?

Let's just say what comes to mind first:

It's a beautiful image that rests as opposed to the one that didn't seem to be in the first place, extra insulation, rainwater storage system and a natural habitat for wildlife.

In the later years, this system can be moved to the river shores where the meadow areas are located, and to the agricultural land planted in rice and water cane.

It is thought that the production capacity of lice on such land will be much more if the infrastructure suitable for electricity generation is prepared.

Plants that develop especially in wetlands such as rice and water cane cause a lot of methane gas to be released into the environment as a result of the activities of anaerobic bacteria.

This increases the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. About 20 percent of the world's methane is from rice fields.

By placing the appropriate anode in the soil, electrons will start to produce electricity instead of producing methane gas, offering a useful service to our world.

Nevertheless, this system, where electricity is produced from plants, needs to go a long way to meet the global electricity needs to compete with other renewable green energy sources.

[Alıntıdır]

Source:

Journal of Science and Technique, July 2012 Year 45 Issue 536 Page 44 Green Electricity,Electric Producing Plants